Athlete summary
In-ride fueling still shows a target carbohydrate rate (g/h) from duration and session demand. Separately, when we know your TSS, session type (continuous vs intervals), sex, VO₂ at VT2, and (for CHO) prior-day training load, Koyaro can estimate how much carbohydrate and energy the session burned — so fueling copy can say “target X g/h · estimated burn ~Y g”.
This does not replace:
Engine formulas (Table 3 — TSS, cycling)
Cite-locked GEE coefficients from Rothschild, Hofmeyr, McLaren & Maunder, Sports Med 2025;55:753–774 (doi 10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z). OSF data/code: https://osf.io/nqsu7/.: copy published coefficients — do not invent.
TSS → CHO (g)
Primary-study apparent MAE ≈ 16.1 g (Table 3).
TSS → EE (kcal)
Primary-study apparent MAE ≈ 55.1 kcal (Table 3). EE does not use prior-day load.
Why TSS
TSS was the only load metric that matched CHO cost between long LIT and short HIIT in the primary study — intensity-weighted load is the right expenditure proxy for cycling v1.
Prior-day sRPE-TL bridge
When prior-day sRPE-TL is missing but prior-day TSS is known, the paper’s optional bridge is used and labeled approximate:
Inputs
| Input | Source |
|---|---|
| Session TSS (hrTSS on TSS scale) | Activity / planned TSS |
| Continuous vs interval | Session role (endurance/recovery/tempo → continuous; vo2/threshold/… → interval) or IF hint |
| Sex | Athlete profile |
| VT2 VO₂ (L/min) | Measurements catalog key vt2_vo2 |
| Prior-day sRPE-TL | Sum of prior-day Foster sRPE loads; else TSS bridge |
Limits (encode honesty)
- Validated mainly on ≤ ~90 min mixed lab sessions; longer rides may overestimate CHO as RER drifts.
- Fasted vs fed states not fully spanned.
- Run / kayak need Table 4 sport calibration — out of v1 (cycling wedge only).
- Does not invent VO₂ at VT2 from FTP watts.
Literature
- Rothschild JA, Hofmeyr S, McLaren SJ, Maunder E. A novel method to predict carbohydrate and energy expenditure during endurance exercise using measures of training load. Sports Med. 2025;55:753–774. doi 10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z. OSF: https://osf.io/nqsu7/.